AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

I omitted one action from this year’s Supreme Court term.

These excerpts are from a media report by  Pete Williams and Erin McClam, NBC News . It is obvious that this is not the definitive Court statement on a touchy issue. Only public, not private, schools are affected by this law.

“The Supreme Court on Monday allowed affirmative action to survive in college admissions but imposed a tough legal standard, ruling that schools must prove there are “no workable race-neutral alternatives” to achieve diversity on campus.

While the ruling was not a sweeping pronouncement on the future of affirmative action, it amounts to a warning to colleges nationwide that the courts will treat race-conscious admissions policies with a high degree of skepticism.

By a 7-1 vote, with one justice recusing herself, the court sent a case about the University of Texas admissions policy back to a federal appeals court for review, and directed the appeals court to apply an exacting legal standard known as strict scrutiny.

The case was brought by Abigail Fisher, a white woman who applied to the university in 2008 and was denied, and claimed that her constitutional rights and federal civil rights laws were violated.

“I am grateful to the justices for moving the nation closer to the day when a student’s race isn't used at all in college admissions,” Fisher said in a statement.

The appeals court sided with the university. But the Supreme Court ruled that the lower court did not hold the university to the “demanding burden of strict scrutiny.” 

Instead, the lower court “presumed that the school had acted in good faith” and required Fisher to show otherwise, the high court found.”

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“The University of Texas admits about three-quarters of its students by guaranteeing a spot to anyone who finishes near the top of his or her high school class. When Fisher applied, the standard was the top 10 percent of the class. For the remainder of undergraduate admissions, race is considered as one of many factors.

A Supreme Court ruling in 2003 allowed public universities to consider race to get a critical mass of minority students, but Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, who wrote that opinion, has since retired, and today’s court is more conservative.

On Monday, in a ruling by Justice Anthony Kennedy, the court said that the standard 

of strict scrutiny “does not permit a court to accept a school’s assertion that its admissions process uses race in a permissible way without closely examining how the process works in practice.”

Instead, the burden of proof is on a university to show that “each applicant is evaluated as an individual and not in a way that makes an applicant’s race or ethnicity the defining feature of his or her application,” the court said, quoting language from the 2003 opinion.”

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“Justice Clarence Thomas, joining the majority but writing his own opinion, argued that considering race in college admissions is categorically prohibited by the Constitution’s guarantee of equal protection under the law.

Thomas noted that slaveholders once argued that slavery civilized blacks, and that segregationists once argued that separating students by race was good for blacks because it protected them from racist whites.

“Following in these inauspicious footsteps, the university would have us believe that its discrimination is likewise benign,” he wrote. “I think the lesson of history is clear enough: Racial discrimination is never benign.”

Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, part of the liberal wing of the court, was the dissenter. Justice Elena Kagan, who worked on the issue while she was solicitor general under President Barack Obama, recused herself from the case.

The decision is not the court’s final word on affirmative action. It has agreed to take a case in its next term about whether voters can ban affirmative action in their states.”